1) Introduction.
En débutant ce didacticiel consacré au paramétrage du SGBD MySql par l'intermédiaire du fichier de configuration my.ini, je ne m'attendais pas à rencontrer autant de difficultés à sa mise au point.
La complexité de cette configuration dépend, moins de MySql, mais plus du type d'ordinateur sur lequel vous le faites tourner. Des notions, souvent vagues pour des débutants, comme les threads, les buffers, voire même le tuning sont au coeur de ce que nous allons traiter.
Ce didacticiel s'intéresse à la version 5.6 de MySql qui fonctionne sous WampServer de Windows 7 Pro.
Rassurez-vous, ce didacticiel est juste un exemple, assez complet, du fichier my.ini pour débuter avec MySql.
2) Les exemples données par MySql.
Dans le répertoire de MySql, nous avons cinq configurations que nous pouvons utiliser comme fichier My.Ini. Je ne sais pas pourquoi, mais ils étaient encore présents dans la version 5.5, mais ont disparu dans la version 5.6. À titre indicatif, les voici :
2-A) Le fichier my-small.ini.
# Example MySQL config file for small systems.
#
# This is for a system with little memory (<= 64M) where MySQL is only used
# from time to time and it's important that the mysqld daemon
# doesn't use much resources.
#
# MySQL programs look for option files in a set of
# locations which depend on the deployment platform.
# You can copy this option file to one of those
# locations. For information about these locations, see:
# http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/option-files.html
#
# In this file, you can use all long options that a program supports.
# If you want to know which options a program supports, run the program
# with the "--help" option.
# The following options will be passed to all MySQL clients
[client]
#password = your_password
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
# Here follows entries for some specific programs
# The MySQL server
[mysqld]
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
skip-external-locking
key_buffer_size = 16K
max_allowed_packet = 1M
table_open_cache = 4
sort_buffer_size = 64K
read_buffer_size = 256K
read_rnd_buffer_size = 256K
net_buffer_length = 2K
thread_stack = 128K
# Don't listen on a TCP/IP port at all. This can be a security enhancement,
# if all processes that need to connect to mysqld run on the same host.
# All interaction with mysqld must be made via Unix sockets or named pipes.
# Note that using this option without enabling named pipes on Windows
# (using the "enable-named-pipe" option) will render mysqld useless!
#
#skip-networking
server-id = 1
# Uncomment the following if you want to log updates
#log-bin=mysql-bin
# binary logging format - mixed recommended
#binlog_format=mixed
# Causes updates to non-transactional engines using statement format to be
# written directly to binary log. Before using this option make sure that
# there are no dependencies between transactional and non-transactional
# tables such as in the statement INSERT INTO t_myisam SELECT * FROM
# t_innodb; otherwise, slaves may diverge from the master.
#binlog_direct_non_transactional_updates=TRUE
# Uncomment the following if you are using InnoDB tables
#innodb_data_home_dir = C:\\mysql\\data\\
#innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
#innodb_log_group_home_dir = C:\\mysql\\data\\
# You can set .._buffer_pool_size up to 50 - 80 %
# of RAM but beware of setting memory usage too high
#innodb_buffer_pool_size = 16M
#innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 2M
# Set .._log_file_size to 25 % of buffer pool size
#innodb_log_file_size = 5M
#innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M
#innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1
#innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 50
[mysqldump]
quick
max_allowed_packet = 16M
[mysql]
no-auto-rehash
# Remove the next comment character if you are not familiar with SQL
#safe-updates
[myisamchk]
key_buffer_size = 8M
sort_buffer_size = 8M
[mysqlhotcopy]
interactive-timeout
2-B) Le fichier my-medium.ini.
# Example MySQL config file for medium systems.
#
# This is for a system with little memory (32M - 64M) where MySQL plays
# an important part, or systems up to 128M where MySQL is used together with
# other programs (such as a web server)
#
# MySQL programs look for option files in a set of
# locations which depend on the deployment platform.
# You can copy this option file to one of those
# locations. For information about these locations, see:
# http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/option-files.html
#
# In this file, you can use all long options that a program supports.
# If you want to know which options a program supports, run the program
# with the "--help" option.
# The following options will be passed to all MySQL clients
[client]
#password = your_password
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
# Here follows entries for some specific programs
# The MySQL server
[mysqld]
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
skip-external-locking
key_buffer_size = 16M
max_allowed_packet = 1M
table_open_cache = 64
sort_buffer_size = 512K
net_buffer_length = 8K
read_buffer_size = 256K
read_rnd_buffer_size = 512K
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 8M
# Don't listen on a TCP/IP port at all. This can be a security enhancement,
# if all processes that need to connect to mysqld run on the same host.
# All interaction with mysqld must be made via Unix sockets or named pipes.
# Note that using this option without enabling named pipes on Windows
# (via the "enable-named-pipe" option) will render mysqld useless!
#
#skip-networking
# Replication Master Server (default)
# binary logging is required for replication
log-bin=mysql-bin
# binary logging format - mixed recommended
binlog_format=mixed
# required unique id between 1 and 2^32 - 1
# defaults to 1 if master-host is not set
# but will not function as a master if omitted
server-id = 1
# Replication Slave (comment out master section to use this)
#
# To configure this host as a replication slave, you can choose between
# two methods :
#
# 1) Use the CHANGE MASTER TO command (fully described in our manual) -
# the syntax is:
#
# CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST=<host>, MASTER_PORT=<port>,
# MASTER_USER=<user>, MASTER_PASSWORD=<password> ;
#
# where you replace <host>, <user>, <password> by quoted strings and
# <port> by the master's port number (3306 by default).
#
# Example:
#
# CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='125.564.12.1', MASTER_PORT=3306,
# MASTER_USER='joe', MASTER_PASSWORD='secret';
#
# OR
#
# 2) Set the variables below. However, in case you choose this method, then
# start replication for the first time (even unsuccessfully, for example
# if you mistyped the password in master-password and the slave fails to
# connect), the slave will create a master.info file, and any later
# change in this file to the variables' values below will be ignored and
# overridden by the content of the master.info file, unless you shutdown
# the slave server, delete master.info and restart the slaver server.
# For that reason, you may want to leave the lines below untouched
# (commented) and instead use CHANGE MASTER TO (see above)
#
# required unique id between 2 and 2^32 - 1
# (and different from the master)
# defaults to 2 if master-host is set
# but will not function as a slave if omitted
#server-id = 2
#
# The replication master for this slave - required
#master-host = <hostname>
#
# The username the slave will use for authentication when connecting
# to the master - required
#master-user = <username>
#
# The password the slave will authenticate with when connecting to
# the master - required
#master-password = <password>
#
# The port the master is listening on.
# optional - defaults to 3306
#master-port = <port>
#
# binary logging - not required for slaves, but recommended
#log-bin=mysql-bin
# Uncomment the following if you are using InnoDB tables
#innodb_data_home_dir = C:\\mysql\\data\\
#innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
#innodb_log_group_home_dir = C:\\mysql\\data\\
# You can set .._buffer_pool_size up to 50 - 80 %
# of RAM but beware of setting memory usage too high
#innodb_buffer_pool_size = 16M
#innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 2M
# Set .._log_file_size to 25 % of buffer pool size
#innodb_log_file_size = 5M
#innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M
#innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1
#innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 50
[mysqldump]
quick
max_allowed_packet = 16M
[mysql]
no-auto-rehash
# Remove the next comment character if you are not familiar with SQL
#safe-updates
[myisamchk]
key_buffer_size = 20M
sort_buffer_size = 20M
read_buffer = 2M
write_buffer = 2M
[mysqlhotcopy]
interactive-timeout
2-C) Le fichier my-large.ini.
# Example MySQL config file for large systems.
#
# This is for a large system with memory = 512M where the system runs mainly
# MySQL.
#
# MySQL programs look for option files in a set of
# locations which depend on the deployment platform.
# You can copy this option file to one of those
# locations. For information about these locations, see:
# http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/option-files.html
#
# In this file, you can use all long options that a program supports.
# If you want to know which options a program supports, run the program
# with the "--help" option.
# The following options will be passed to all MySQL clients
[client]
#password = your_password
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
# Here follows entries for some specific programs
# The MySQL server
[mysqld]
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
skip-external-locking
key_buffer_size = 256M
max_allowed_packet = 1M
table_open_cache = 256
sort_buffer_size = 1M
read_buffer_size = 1M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 4M
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 64M
thread_cache_size = 8
query_cache_size= 16M
# Try number of CPU's*2 for thread_concurrency
thread_concurrency = 8
# Don't listen on a TCP/IP port at all. This can be a security enhancement,
# if all processes that need to connect to mysqld run on the same host.
# All interaction with mysqld must be made via Unix sockets or named pipes.
# Note that using this option without enabling named pipes on Windows
# (via the "enable-named-pipe" option) will render mysqld useless!
#
#skip-networking
# Replication Master Server (default)
# binary logging is required for replication
log-bin=mysql-bin
# binary logging format - mixed recommended
binlog_format=mixed
# required unique id between 1 and 2^32 - 1
# defaults to 1 if master-host is not set
# but will not function as a master if omitted
server-id = 1
# Replication Slave (comment out master section to use this)
#
# To configure this host as a replication slave, you can choose between
# two methods :
#
# 1) Use the CHANGE MASTER TO command (fully described in our manual) -
# the syntax is:
#
# CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST=<host>, MASTER_PORT=<port>,
# MASTER_USER=<user>, MASTER_PASSWORD=<password> ;
#
# where you replace <host>, <user>, <password> by quoted strings and
# <port> by the master's port number (3306 by default).
#
# Example:
#
# CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='125.564.12.1', MASTER_PORT=3306,
# MASTER_USER='joe', MASTER_PASSWORD='secret';
#
# OR
#
# 2) Set the variables below. However, in case you choose this method, then
# start replication for the first time (even unsuccessfully, for example
# if you mistyped the password in master-password and the slave fails to
# connect), the slave will create a master.info file, and any later
# change in this file to the variables' values below will be ignored and
# overridden by the content of the master.info file, unless you shutdown
# the slave server, delete master.info and restart the slaver server.
# For that reason, you may want to leave the lines below untouched
# (commented) and instead use CHANGE MASTER TO (see above)
#
# required unique id between 2 and 2^32 - 1
# (and different from the master)
# defaults to 2 if master-host is set
# but will not function as a slave if omitted
#server-id = 2
#
# The replication master for this slave - required
#master-host = <hostname>
#
# The username the slave will use for authentication when connecting
# to the master - required
#master-user = <username>
#
# The password the slave will authenticate with when connecting to
# the master - required
#master-password = <password>
#
# The port the master is listening on.
# optional - defaults to 3306
#master-port = <port>
#
# binary logging - not required for slaves, but recommended
#log-bin=mysql-bin
# Uncomment the following if you are using InnoDB tables
#innodb_data_home_dir = C:\\mysql\\data\\
#innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
#innodb_log_group_home_dir = C:\\mysql\\data\\
# You can set .._buffer_pool_size up to 50 - 80 %
# of RAM but beware of setting memory usage too high
#innodb_buffer_pool_size = 256M
#innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 20M
# Set .._log_file_size to 25 % of buffer pool size
#innodb_log_file_size = 64M
#innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M
#innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1
#innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 50
[mysqldump]
quick
max_allowed_packet = 16M
[mysql]
no-auto-rehash
# Remove the next comment character if you are not familiar with SQL
#safe-updates
[myisamchk]
key_buffer_size = 128M
sort_buffer_size = 128M
read_buffer = 2M
write_buffer = 2M
[mysqlhotcopy]
interactive-timeout
2-D) Le fichier my-innodb-heavy-4G.ini.
#BEGIN CONFIG INFO
#DESCR: 4GB RAM, InnoDB only, ACID, few connections, heavy queries
#TYPE: SYSTEM
#END CONFIG INFO
#
# This is a MySQL example config file for systems with 4GB of memory
# running mostly MySQL using InnoDB only tables and performing complex
# queries with few connections.
#
# MySQL programs look for option files in a set of
# locations which depend on the deployment platform.
# You can copy this option file to one of those
# locations. For information about these locations, see:
# http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/option-files.html
#
# In this file, you can use all long options that a program supports.
# If you want to know which options a program supports, run the program
# with the "--help" option.
#
# More detailed information about the individual options can also be
# found in the manual.
#
#
# The following options will be read by MySQL client applications.
# Note that only client applications shipped by MySQL are guaranteed
# to read this section. If you want your own MySQL client program to
# honor these values, you need to specify it as an option during the
# MySQL client library initialization.
#
[client]
#password = [your_password]
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
# *** Application-specific options follow here ***
#
# The MySQL server
#
[mysqld]
# generic configuration options
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
# back_log is the number of connections the operating system can keep in
# the listen queue, before the MySQL connection manager thread has
# processed them. If you have a very high connection rate and experience
# "connection refused" errors, you might need to increase this value.
# Check your OS documentation for the maximum value of this parameter.
# Attempting to set back_log higher than your operating system limit
# will have no effect.
back_log = 50
# Don't listen on a TCP/IP port at all. This can be a security
# enhancement, if all processes that need to connect to mysqld run
# on the same host. All interaction with mysqld must be made via Unix
# sockets or named pipes.
# Note that using this option without enabling named pipes on Windows
# (via the "enable-named-pipe" option) will render mysqld useless!
#skip-networking
# The maximum amount of concurrent sessions the MySQL server will
# allow. One of these connections will be reserved for a user with
# SUPER privileges to allow the administrator to login even if the
# connection limit has been reached.
max_connections = 100
# Maximum amount of errors allowed per host. If this limit is reached,
# the host will be blocked from connecting to the MySQL server until
# "FLUSH HOSTS" has been run or the server was restarted. Invalid
# passwords and other errors during the connect phase result in
# increasing this value. See the "Aborted_connects" status variable for
# global counter.
max_connect_errors = 10
# The number of open tables for all threads. Increasing this value
# increases the number of file descriptors that mysqld requires.
# Therefore you have to make sure to set the amount of open files
# allowed to at least 4096 in the variable "open-files-limit" in
# section [mysqld_safe]
table_open_cache = 2048
# Enable external file level locking. Enabled file locking will have a
# negative impact on performance, so only use it in case you have
# multiple database instances running on the same files (note some
# restrictions still apply!) or if you use other software relying on
# locking MyISAM tables on file level.
#external-locking
# The maximum size of a query packet the server can handle as well as
# maximum query size server can process (Important when working with
# large BLOBs). enlarged dynamically, for each connection.
max_allowed_packet = 16M
# The size of the cache to hold the SQL statements for the binary log
# during a transaction. If you often use big, multi-statement
# transactions you can increase this value to get more performance. All
# statements from transactions are buffered in the binary log cache and
# are being written to the binary log at once after the COMMIT. If the
# transaction is larger than this value, temporary file on disk is used
# instead. This buffer is allocated per connection on first update
# statement in transaction
binlog_cache_size = 1M
# Maximum allowed size for a single HEAP (in memory) table. This option
# is a protection against the accidential creation of a very large HEAP
# table which could otherwise use up all memory resources.
max_heap_table_size = 64M
# Size of the buffer used for doing full table scans.
# Allocated per thread, if a full scan is needed.
read_buffer_size = 2M
# When reading rows in sorted order after a sort, the rows are read
# through this buffer to avoid disk seeks. You can improve ORDER BY
# performance a lot, if set this to a high value.
# Allocated per thread, when needed.
read_rnd_buffer_size = 16M
# Sort buffer is used to perform sorts for some ORDER BY and GROUP BY
# queries. If sorted data does not fit into the sort buffer, a disk
# based merge sort is used instead - See the "Sort_merge_passes"
# status variable. Allocated per thread if sort is needed.
sort_buffer_size = 8M
# This buffer is used for the optimization of full JOINs (JOINs without
# indexes). Such JOINs are very bad for performance in most cases
# anyway, but setting this variable to a large value reduces the
# performance impact. See the "Select_full_join" status variable for a
# count of full JOINs. Allocated per thread if full join is found
join_buffer_size = 8M
# How many threads we should keep in a cache for reuse. When a client
# disconnects, the client's threads are put in the cache if there aren't
# more than thread_cache_size threads from before. This greatly reduces
# the amount of thread creations needed if you have a lot of new
# connections. (Normally this doesn't give a notable performance
# improvement if you have a good thread implementation.)
thread_cache_size = 8
# This permits the application to give the threads system a hint for the
# desired number of threads that should be run at the same time. This
# value only makes sense on systems that support the thread_concurrency()
# function call (Sun Solaris, for example).
# You should try [number of CPUs]*(2..4) for thread_concurrency
thread_concurrency = 8
# Query cache is used to cache SELECT results and later return them
# without actual executing the same query once again. Having the query
# cache enabled may result in significant speed improvements, if your
# have a lot of identical queries and rarely changing tables. See the
# "Qcache_lowmem_prunes" status variable to check if the current value
# is high enough for your load.
# Note: In case your tables change very often or if your queries are
# textually different every time, the query cache may result in a
# slowdown instead of a performance improvement.
query_cache_size = 64M
# Only cache result sets that are smaller than this limit. This is to
# protect the query cache of a very large result set overwriting all
# other query results.
query_cache_limit = 2M
# Minimum word length to be indexed by the full text search index.
# You might wish to decrease it if you need to search for shorter words.
# Note that you need to rebuild your FULLTEXT index, after you have
# modified this value.
ft_min_word_len = 4
# If your system supports the memlock() function call, you might want to
# enable this option while running MySQL to keep it locked in memory and
# to avoid potential swapping out in case of high memory pressure. Good
# for performance.
#memlock
# Table type which is used by default when creating new tables, if not
# specified differently during the CREATE TABLE statement.
default-storage-engine = MYISAM
# Thread stack size to use. This amount of memory is always reserved at
# connection time. MySQL itself usually needs no more than 64K of
# memory, while if you use your own stack hungry UDF functions or your
# OS requires more stack for some operations, you might need to set this
# to a higher value.
thread_stack = 192K
# Set the default transaction isolation level. Levels available are:
# READ-UNCOMMITTED, READ-COMMITTED, REPEATABLE-READ, SERIALIZABLE
transaction_isolation = REPEATABLE-READ
# Maximum size for internal (in-memory) temporary tables. If a table
# grows larger than this value, it is automatically converted to disk
# based table This limitation is for a single table. There can be many
# of them.
tmp_table_size = 64M
# Enable binary logging. This is required for acting as a MASTER in a
# replication configuration. You also need the binary log if you need
# the ability to do point in time recovery from your latest backup.
log-bin=mysql-bin
# binary logging format - mixed recommended
binlog_format=mixed
# If you're using replication with chained slaves (A->B->C), you need to
# enable this option on server B. It enables logging of updates done by
# the slave thread into the slave's binary log.
#log_slave_updates
# Enable the full query log. Every query (even ones with incorrect
# syntax) that the server receives will be logged. This is useful for
# debugging, it is usually disabled in production use.
#log
# Print warnings to the error log file. If you have any problem with
# MySQL you should enable logging of warnings and examine the error log
# for possible explanations.
#log_warnings
# Log slow queries. Slow queries are queries which take more than the
# amount of time defined in "long_query_time" or which do not use
# indexes well, if log_short_format is not enabled. It is normally good idea
# to have this turned on if you frequently add new queries to the
# system.
slow_query_log
# All queries taking more than this amount of time (in seconds) will be
# trated as slow. Do not use "1" as a value here, as this will result in
# even very fast queries being logged from time to time (as MySQL
# currently measures time with second accuracy only).
long_query_time = 2
# *** Replication related settings
# Unique server identification number between 1 and 2^32-1. This value
# is required for both master and slave hosts. It defaults to 1 if
# "master-host" is not set, but will MySQL will not function as a master
# if it is omitted.
server-id = 1
# Replication Slave (comment out master section to use this)
#
# To configure this host as a replication slave, you can choose between
# two methods :
#
# 1) Use the CHANGE MASTER TO command (fully described in our manual) -
# the syntax is:
#
# CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST=<host>, MASTER_PORT=<port>,
# MASTER_USER=<user>, MASTER_PASSWORD=<password> ;
#
# where you replace <host>, <user>, <password> by quoted strings and
# <port> by the master's port number (3306 by default).
#
# Example:
#
# CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='125.564.12.1', MASTER_PORT=3306,
# MASTER_USER='joe', MASTER_PASSWORD='secret';
#
# OR
#
# 2) Set the variables below. However, in case you choose this method, then
# start replication for the first time (even unsuccessfully, for example
# if you mistyped the password in master-password and the slave fails to
# connect), the slave will create a master.info file, and any later
# changes in this file to the variable values below will be ignored and
# overridden by the content of the master.info file, unless you shutdown
# the slave server, delete master.info and restart the slaver server.
# For that reason, you may want to leave the lines below untouched
# (commented) and instead use CHANGE MASTER TO (see above)
#
# required unique id between 2 and 2^32 - 1
# (and different from the master)
# defaults to 2 if master-host is set
# but will not function as a slave if omitted
#server-id = 2
#
# The replication master for this slave - required
#master-host = <hostname>
#
# The username the slave will use for authentication when connecting
# to the master - required
#master-user = <username>
#
# The password the slave will authenticate with when connecting to
# the master - required
#master-password = <password>
#
# The port the master is listening on.
# optional - defaults to 3306
#master-port = <port>
# Make the slave read-only. Only users with the SUPER privilege and the
# replication slave thread will be able to modify data on it. You can
# use this to ensure that no applications will accidently modify data on
# the slave instead of the master
#read_only
#*** MyISAM Specific options
# Size of the Key Buffer, used to cache index blocks for MyISAM tables.
# Do not set it larger than 30% of your available memory, as some memory
# is also required by the OS to cache rows. Even if you're not using
# MyISAM tables, you should still set it to 8-64M as it will also be
# used for internal temporary disk tables.
key_buffer_size = 32M
# MyISAM uses special tree-like cache to make bulk inserts (that is,
# INSERT ... SELECT, INSERT ... VALUES (...), (...), ..., and LOAD DATA
# INFILE) faster. This variable limits the size of the cache tree in
# bytes per thread. Setting it to 0 will disable this optimisation. Do
# not set it larger than "key_buffer_size" for optimal performance.
# This buffer is allocated when a bulk insert is detected.
bulk_insert_buffer_size = 64M
# This buffer is allocated when MySQL needs to rebuild the index in
# REPAIR, OPTIMIZE, ALTER table statements as well as in LOAD DATA INFILE
# into an empty table. It is allocated per thread so be careful with
# large settings.
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 128M
# The maximum size of the temporary file MySQL is allowed to use while
# recreating the index (during REPAIR, ALTER TABLE or LOAD DATA INFILE.
# If the file-size would be bigger than this, the index will be created
# through the key cache (which is slower).
myisam_max_sort_file_size = 10G
# If a table has more than one index, MyISAM can use more than one
# thread to repair them by sorting in parallel. This makes sense if you
# have multiple CPUs and plenty of memory.
myisam_repair_threads = 1
# Automatically check and repair not properly closed MyISAM tables.
myisam_recover
# *** INNODB Specific options ***
# Use this option if you have a MySQL server with InnoDB support enabled
# but you do not plan to use it. This will save memory and disk space
# and speed up some things.
#skip-innodb
# Additional memory pool that is used by InnoDB to store metadata
# information. If InnoDB requires more memory for this purpose it will
# start to allocate it from the OS. As this is fast enough on most
# recent operating systems, you normally do not need to change this
# value. SHOW INNODB STATUS will display the current amount used.
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 16M
# InnoDB, unlike MyISAM, uses a buffer pool to cache both indexes and
# row data. The bigger you set this the less disk I/O is needed to
# access data in tables. On a dedicated database server you may set this
# parameter up to 80% of the machine physical memory size. Do not set it
# too large, though, because competition of the physical memory may
# cause paging in the operating system. Note that on 32bit systems you
# might be limited to 2-3.5G of user level memory per process, so do not
# set it too high.
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 2G
# InnoDB stores data in one or more data files forming the tablespace.
# If you have a single logical drive for your data, a single
# autoextending file would be good enough. In other cases, a single file
# per device is often a good choice. You can configure InnoDB to use raw
# disk partitions as well - please refer to the manual for more info
# about this.
innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
# Set this option if you would like the InnoDB tablespace files to be
# stored in another location. By default this is the MySQL datadir.
#innodb_data_home_dir = <directory>
# Number of IO threads to use for async IO operations. This value is
# hardcoded to 8 on Unix, but on Windows disk I/O may benefit from a
# larger number.
innodb_write_io_threads = 8
innodb_read_io_threads = 8
# If you run into InnoDB tablespace corruption, setting this to a nonzero
# value will likely help you to dump your tables. Start from value 1 and
# increase it until you're able to dump the table successfully.
#innodb_force_recovery=1
# Number of threads allowed inside the InnoDB kernel. The optimal value
# depends highly on the application, hardware as well as the OS
# scheduler properties. A too high value may lead to thread thrashing.
innodb_thread_concurrency = 16
# If set to 1, InnoDB will flush (fsync) the transaction logs to the
# disk at each commit, which offers full ACID behavior. If you are
# willing to compromise this safety, and you are running small
# transactions, you may set this to 0 or 2 to reduce disk I/O to the
# logs. Value 0 means that the log is only written to the log file and
# the log file flushed to disk approximately once per second. Value 2
# means the log is written to the log file at each commit, but the log
# file is only flushed to disk approximately once per second.
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1
# Speed up InnoDB shutdown. This will disable InnoDB to do a full purge
# and insert buffer merge on shutdown. It may increase shutdown time a
# lot, but InnoDB will have to do it on the next startup instead.
#innodb_fast_shutdown
# The size of the buffer InnoDB uses for buffering log data. As soon as
# it is full, InnoDB will have to flush it to disk. As it is flushed
# once per second anyway, it does not make sense to have it very large
# (even with long transactions).
innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M
# Size of each log file in a log group. You should set the combined size
# of log files to about 25%-100% of your buffer pool size to avoid
# unneeded buffer pool flush activity on log file overwrite. However,
# note that a larger logfile size will increase the time needed for the
# recovery process.
innodb_log_file_size = 256M
# Total number of files in the log group. A value of 2-3 is usually good
# enough.
innodb_log_files_in_group = 3
# Location of the InnoDB log files. Default is the MySQL datadir. You
# may wish to point it to a dedicated hard drive or a RAID1 volume for
# improved performance
#innodb_log_group_home_dir
# Maximum allowed percentage of dirty pages in the InnoDB buffer pool.
# If it is reached, InnoDB will start flushing them out agressively to
# not run out of clean pages at all. This is a soft limit, not
# guaranteed to be held.
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90
# The flush method InnoDB will use for Log. The tablespace always uses
# doublewrite flush logic. The default value is "fdatasync", another
# option is "O_DSYNC".
#innodb_flush_method=O_DSYNC
# How long an InnoDB transaction should wait for a lock to be granted
# before being rolled back. InnoDB automatically detects transaction
# deadlocks in its own lock table and rolls back the transaction. If you
# use the LOCK TABLES command, or other transaction-safe storage engines
# than InnoDB in the same transaction, then a deadlock may arise which
# InnoDB cannot notice. In cases like this the timeout is useful to
# resolve the situation.
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120
[mysqldump]
# Do not buffer the whole result set in memory before writing it to
# file. Required for dumping very large tables
quick
max_allowed_packet = 16M
[mysql]
no-auto-rehash
# Only allow UPDATEs and DELETEs that use keys.
#safe-updates
[myisamchk]
key_buffer_size = 512M
sort_buffer_size = 512M
read_buffer = 8M
write_buffer = 8M
[mysqlhotcopy]
interactive-timeout
[mysqld_safe]
# Increase the amount of open files allowed per process. Warning: Make
# sure you have set the global system limit high enough! The high value
# is required for a large number of opened tables
open-files-limit = 8192
2-E) Le fichier my-huge.ini.
# Example MySQL config file for very large systems.
#
# This is for a large system with memory of 1G-2G where the system runs mainly
# MySQL.
#
# MySQL programs look for option files in a set of
# locations which depend on the deployment platform.
# You can copy this option file to one of those
# locations. For information about these locations, see:
# http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/option-files.html
#
# In this file, you can use all long options that a program supports.
# If you want to know which options a program supports, run the program
# with the "--help" option.
# The following options will be passed to all MySQL clients
[client]
#password = your_password
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
# Here follows entries for some specific programs
# The MySQL server
[mysqld]
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
skip-external-locking
key_buffer_size = 384M
max_allowed_packet = 1M
table_open_cache = 512
sort_buffer_size = 2M
read_buffer_size = 2M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 8M
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 64M
thread_cache_size = 8
query_cache_size = 32M
# Try number of CPU's*2 for thread_concurrency
thread_concurrency = 8
# Don't listen on a TCP/IP port at all. This can be a security enhancement,
# if all processes that need to connect to mysqld run on the same host.
# All interaction with mysqld must be made via Unix sockets or named pipes.
# Note that using this option without enabling named pipes on Windows
# (via the "enable-named-pipe" option) will render mysqld useless!
#
#skip-networking
# Replication Master Server (default)
# binary logging is required for replication
log-bin=mysql-bin
# required unique id between 1 and 2^32 - 1
# defaults to 1 if master-host is not set
# but will not function as a master if omitted
server-id = 1
# Replication Slave (comment out master section to use this)
#
# To configure this host as a replication slave, you can choose between
# two methods :
#
# 1) Use the CHANGE MASTER TO command (fully described in our manual) -
# the syntax is:
#
# CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST=<host>, MASTER_PORT=<port>,
# MASTER_USER=<user>, MASTER_PASSWORD=<password> ;
#
# where you replace <host>, <user>, <password> by quoted strings and
# <port> by the master's port number (3306 by default).
#
# Example:
#
# CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='125.564.12.1', MASTER_PORT=3306,
# MASTER_USER='joe', MASTER_PASSWORD='secret';
#
# OR
#
# 2) Set the variables below. However, in case you choose this method, then
# start replication for the first time (even unsuccessfully, for example
# if you mistyped the password in master-password and the slave fails to
# connect), the slave will create a master.info file, and any later
# change in this file to the variables' values below will be ignored and
# overridden by the content of the master.info file, unless you shutdown
# the slave server, delete master.info and restart the slaver server.
# For that reason, you may want to leave the lines below untouched
# (commented) and instead use CHANGE MASTER TO (see above)
#
# required unique id between 2 and 2^32 - 1
# (and different from the master)
# defaults to 2 if master-host is set
# but will not function as a slave if omitted
#server-id = 2
#
# The replication master for this slave - required
#master-host = <hostname>
#
# The username the slave will use for authentication when connecting
# to the master - required
#master-user = <username>
#
# The password the slave will authenticate with when connecting to
# the master - required
#master-password = <password>
#
# The port the master is listening on.
# optional - defaults to 3306
#master-port = <port>
#
# binary logging - not required for slaves, but recommended
#log-bin=mysql-bin
#
# binary logging format - mixed recommended
#binlog_format=mixed
# Uncomment the following if you are using InnoDB tables
#innodb_data_home_dir = C:\\mysql\\data\\
#innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:2000M;ibdata2:10M:autoextend
#innodb_log_group_home_dir = C:\\mysql\\data\\
# You can set .._buffer_pool_size up to 50 - 80 %
# of RAM but beware of setting memory usage too high
#innodb_buffer_pool_size = 384M
#innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 20M
# Set .._log_file_size to 25 % of buffer pool size
#innodb_log_file_size = 100M
#innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M
#innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1
#innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 50
[mysqldump]
quick
max_allowed_packet = 16M
[mysql]
no-auto-rehash
# Remove the next comment character if you are not familiar with SQL
#safe-updates
[myisamchk]
key_buffer_size = 256M
sort_buffer_size = 256M
read_buffer = 2M
write_buffer = 2M
[mysqlhotcopy]
interactive-timeout
3) Les différents sections.
En jettant un coup d'oeil à la structure des fichiers my.ini ci-dessus, nous constatons que ceux-ci sont découpés en différents groupes dont le nom est mis entre crochet (ce qui est en rouge ci-dessus).
[groupe]
Le "groupe" est le nom du programme ou du groupe pour lequel vous souhaitez configurer des options. Dans les exemples ci-dessus, nous comptons sept groupes que nous appelons "section". Nous nous proposons, ci-après, de faire une synthèse de toutes ces sections.
4) La section "client".
Cette section est commune à tous les autres sections sauf à "wampmysqld" qui concerne le serveur MySql.
# ==================== #
# MySql Client #
# ==================== #
[client]
port = 3306
socket = MySql
Ce sont les directives conseillées par MySql. Nous devrons les répéter aussi dans la section "wampmysqld".
Attention : nous sommes sous Windows et non sous Linux et de ce fait, certains paramètres changent !
# ----------------------- #
# access features #
# ----------------------- #
user = root
password = toor
host = localhost
Nous plaçons les caractéristiques d'accès du compte (user + password), et de l'hôte (host). Si nous avons besoin d'un autre paramétrage, nous procéderons comme ci-après, pour "mysql" :
mysql --user=root --password=toor --host=localhost --database=test mysql < file.sql
Le paramétrage dans My.ini nous évitera d'avoir un message d'avertissement lors de l'usage des utilitaires.
# --------------- #
# Charset #
# --------------- #
default-character-set = latin1
Nous définissons le jeu de caractères "latin1" qui correspond à "ISO-8859-1" pour l'affichage dans la console MySql.
5) La section "mysql".
C'est "MySql Monitor", l'utilitaire en ligne de commande pour manipuler les bases de données. Voir MySql.
Je me sers de cet utilitaire pour décrire et 'importer' de nouvelles bases de données dans MySql.
# ===================== #
# MySql Monitor #
# ===================== #
[mysql]
no-auto-rehash
safe-updates
6) La section "mysqldump".
C'est l'utilitaire qui permet de faire les sauvegardes de vos bases de données. Voir MySql.
Je me sers de cet utilitaire pour 'exporter' mes bases de données depuis MySql.
# ================== #
# MySql Dump #
# ================== #
[mysqldump]
quick
max_allowed_packet = 16M
7) La section "myisamchk".
C'est l'utilitaire de maintenance pour les bases de données de type MyIsam. Voir MySql.
Je ne me sers pas de cet utilitaire puisque je travaille uniquement avec l'organisation "InnoDB".
# ===================== #
# My Isam Check #
# ===================== #
[myisamchk]
key_buffer_size = <Param 1>
sort_buffer_size = <Param 1>
read_buffer = <Param 2>
write_buffer = <Param 2>
Pour connaitre les valeurs par défaut de "myisamchk", tapez la commande suivante :
myisamchk --print-defaults
Ci-après, le paramétrage de nos cinq fichiers selon votre type de configuration.
| Type de configuration | Param 1 | Param 2 |
|---|
| small | 8M | 0 |
| medium | 20M | 2M |
| large | 128M | 2M |
| innodb-heavy-4G | 512M | 8M |
| huge (very large) | 256M | 2M |
Dans mon environnement, je suis dans une configuration "large", ce qui est grandement suffisant.
8) La section "mysqlhotcopy".
C'est l'utilitaire pour effectuer des backups et restores des bases de données. Voir MySql.
Je ne me sers pas de cet utilitaire, puisque d'une part je suis dans un environnement de développmements et d'autre part, je me sers de "mysqldump" pour "exporter" et de "mysql" pour "importer" mes bases de données.
# ====================== #
# MySql Hot Copy #
# ====================== #
[mysqlhotcopy]
interactive-timeout
9) La section "mysql_safe".
Il s'agit de la configuration du script de démarrage du serveur MySql. Voir MySql.
# ================== #
# MySql Safe #
# ================== #
[mysqld_safe]
open-files-limit = 8192
C'est le nombre de fichiers autorisés par processus.
10) La section "mysqladmin".
Il s'agit de l'outil d'administration de MySql. Voir MySql.
# =================== #
# MySql Admin #
# =================== #
[mysqldadmin]
force
Pour vérifier que le paramétrage fonctionne, nous testons la commande ci-après :
mysqladmin status
si nous obtenons l'erreur suivante :
Error: Acc
cela signifie que les paramétres d'autorisations ne sont pas les bons (voir la section "client") !
11) La section "wampmysqld".
C'est le nom du service qui gère le serveur MySql dans WampServer. À l'origine, il porte le nom "mysqld". Voir MySql.
Jusqu'à présent, les différentes sections que nous venons de voir sont simple à comprendre. Pour construire la section "MySql Server", nous nous sommes grandement inspiré de nos cinq modèles. Mais cela était insuffisant car nous avions des spécificités propre à notre ordinateur et à ce que l'on désirait obtenir.
# ==================== #
# MySql Server #
# ==================== #
[wampmysqld]
port = 3306
socket = MySql
On retrouve les mêmes déclaratives que dans la section "client".
les différents "sous-groupes" sont nommés d'une manière mnémonique afin d'identifier et de regrouper le même paramétrage.
11-A) Sous-groupe "Begining".
Nous définissons le type de serveur.
# -------------- #
# Master #
# -------------- #
server-id = 1
Nous utilisons un serveur dit "master" sans mettre de serveur "slave".
11-B) Sous-groupe "charset".
Nous définissons le jeu de caractères.
# --------------- #
# Charset #
# --------------- #
character-set-server = latin1
collation-server = latin1_general_ci
init-connect = 'SET NAMES latin1'
Au cas où nous oublions de déclarer dans la base de données le jeu de caractères utilisés, c'est celui-ci qui fera office par défaut.
Le 'SET NAMES latin1' est ce que nous devons déclarer dans le fichier php de connection à la base de données. Si on oublie de le préciser, c'est celui-ci qui fera office par défaut.
11-C) Sous-groupe "Date & Time".
Nous définissons le fomat de la date, de l'heure et du fuseau horaire.
# ------------------- #
# Date & Time #
# ------------------- #
date_format = "%Y-%m-%d"
datetime_format = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s"
default-time-zone = SYSTEM
explicit_defaults_for_timestamp = true
11-D) Sous-groupe "Directories".
Nous définissons où se trouve les répertoires de MySql dans WampServer.
# ------------------- #
# Directories #
# ------------------- #
basedir = f:/Wamp/bin/mysql/mysql5.6.23/
datadir = f:/Wamp/bin/mysql/mysql5.6.23/data
tmpdir = f:/Wamp/tmp
Nous faisons de même avec les bases de données ("datadir") et les fichiers temporaire ("tmpdir").
11-E) Sous-groupe "InnoDB".
Nous définissons "InnoDB", comme "engine" par défaut.
# ---------------#
# InnoDB #
# ---------------#
default-storage-engine = InnoDB
default-tmp-storage-engine = InnoDB
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 128M
innodb_buffer_pool_instances = 2
innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:20M:autoextend
innodb_data_home_dir = f:/Wamp/bin/mysql/mysql5.6.23/data/ibdata/
innodb_doublewrite = 1
#innodb_fast_shutdown
innodb_file_per_table
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1
#innodb_flush_method = O_DSYNC
#innodb_force_recovery = 1
innodb_io_capacity = 2000
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120
innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M
innodb_log_file_size = 20M
innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
innodb_log_group_home_dir = f:/Wamp/bin/mysql/mysql5.6.23/data/ibdata/
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90
innodb_read_io_threads = 32
innodb_stats_on_metadata = 0
innodb_support_xa = 1
innodb_thread_concurrency = 16
innodb_write_io_threads = 32
Frequemment, les utilisateurs ont des problèmes avec les bases de données de type InnoDb. Voici Un didacticiel consacré à la répération du fichier "ibdata1".
11-F) Sous-groupe "Language".
Nous définissons la langue utilisé dans MySql.
# ---------------- #
# Language #
# ---------------- #
lc-messages = fr_FR
lc-time-name = fr_FR
11-G) Sous-groupe "Log & Binary Log".
Nous définissons les fichiers "binary log" et le fichier "error log" de MySql.
# -------------------------#
# Log & Binary Log #
# -------------------------#
#binlog_cache_size = 1M
#binlog_format = mixed
#log-bin = mysql-bin
log-error = f:/Wamp/logs/mysql_error.log
#log-queries-not-using-indexes
slow_query_log
11-H) Sous-groupe "Maximum".
Nous définissons les variables "maximum".
# ------------#
# Max #
# ------------#
max_allowed_packet = 16M
max_connect_errors = 10
max_connections = 100
max_heap_table_size = 64M
11-I) Sous-groupe "MyIsam".
Nous paramétrons les bases de données de type "MyIsqm".
# ---------------#
# MyIsam #
# ---------------#
bulk_insert_buffer_size = 64M
key_buffer_size = 256M
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 128M
myisam_max_sort_file_size = 5G
myisam_repair_threads = 1
11-J) Sous-groupe "Query".
Nous définissons la mémoire "cache" des resqètes.
# --------------#
# Query #
# --------------#
query_alloc_block_size = 8M
query_cache_limit = 2M
query_cache_min_res_unit = 512
query_cache_size = 128M
query_cache_type = 1
query_cache_wlock_invalidate = On
11-K) Sous-groupe "Skip".
Nous définissons ce que nous ne voulons pas traiter dans MySql.
# -------------#
# Skip #
# -------------#
skip-external-locking
skip-federated
#skip-log-warnings
#skip-innodb
skip-slave-start
11-L) Sous-groupe "Slow".
Les requêtes lentes sont les requêtes qui nécessites plus de 'long_query_time' secondes.
Dans le sous-groupe Tuning, nous avons mis 2 secondes. Voir MySql.
# -------------#
# Slow #
# -------------#
slow_query_log
slow_query_log_file = mysql_slow.log
11-M) Sous-groupe "Table".
Nous définisons le paramétrage des tables.
# --------------#
# Table #
# --------------#
table_definition_cache = 600
table_open_cache = 2048
11-N) Sous-groupe "Thread".
Nous définissons le paramétrage des threads (tâches).
# ---------------#
# Thread #
# ---------------#
thread_cache_size = 8
thread_concurrency = 2
thread_stack = 256K
11-H) Sous-groupe "Tuning".
Ce sous-groupe est un fourre-tout où nous traitons du réglage du SGBD MySql.
# ---------------#
# Tuning #
# ---------------#
back_log = 50
concurrent_insert = 2
connect_timeout = 10
ft_min_word_len = 4
join_buffer_size = 8M
long_query_time = 2
net_buffer_length = 8K
read_buffer_size = 1M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 4M
sort_buffer_size = 1M
table_open_cache = 256
tmp_table_size = 64M
transaction_isolation = REPEATABLE-READ
wait_timeout = 30
12) Conclusion.
En cliquant sur ce lien, vous pouvez télécharger le fichier my.ini dont je me suis servi pour ce didacticiel.
Il faut savoir qu'il n'existe pas une seule façon de configurer ce fichier et que cela dépend de la capacité de votre RAM, du nombre de coeurs dans votre processeur, et aussi des perforamances que vous désirez obtenir pour l'accès à vos bases.
En tant que configuration de base, ce fichier est largement suffisant pour faire du développement sur votre ordinateur, avec le système d'exploitation Windows.